The Etymology of Words and Their Histories

The etymology of a word refers to its origin and historical development: that is, its earliest known use, its transmission from one language to another, and its changes in form and meaning. Etymology is also the term for the branch of linguistics that studies word histories. Whats the Difference Between a Definition and an Etymology? A definition tells us what a word means and how its used in our own time. An etymology tells us where a word came from (often, but not always, from another language) and what it used to mean. For example, according to The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, the definition of the word disaster is an occurrence causing widespread destruction and distress; a catastrophe or a grave misfortune. But the etymology of the word disaster takes us back to a time when people commonly blamed great misfortunes on the influence of the stars. Disaster first appeared in English in the late 16th century, just in time for Shakespeare to use the word in the play King Lear. It arrived by way of the Old Italian word disastro, which meant unfavorable to ones stars. This older, astrological sense of disaster becomes easier to understand when we study its Latin root word, astrum, which also appears in our modern star word astronomy. With the negative Latin prefix dis- (apart) added to astrum (star), the word (in Latin, Old Italian, and Middle French) conveyed the idea that a catastrophe could be traced to the evil influence of a star or planet (a definition that the dictionary tells us is now obsolete). Is the Etymology of a Word Its True Definition? Not at all, though people sometimes try to make this argument. The word etymology is derived from the Greek word etymon, which means the true sense of a word. But in fact the original meaning of a word is often different from its contemporary definition. The meanings of many words have changed over time, and older senses of a word may grow uncommon or disappear entirely from everyday use. Disaster, for instance, no longer means the evil influence of a star or planet, just as consider no longer means to observe the stars. Lets look at another example. Our English word salary is defined by The American Heritage Dictionary  as fixed compensation for services, paid to a person on a regular basis. Its etymology can be traced back 2,000 years to sal, the Latin word for salt. So whats the connection between salt and salary? The Roman historian Pliny the Elder tells us that in Rome, a soldier was paid in salt, which back then was widely used as a food preservative. Eventually, this salarium came to signify a stipend paid in any form, usually money. Even today the expression worth your salt indicates that youre working hard and earning your salary. However, this doesnt mean that salt is the true definition of salary. Where Do Words Come From? New words have entered (and continue to enter) the English language in many different ways. Here are some of the most common methods. BorrowingThe majority of the words used in modern English have been borrowed from other languages. Although most of our vocabulary comes from Latin and Greek (often by way of other European languages), English has borrowed words from more than 300 different languages around the world. Here are just a few examples:futon (from the Japanese word for bedclothes, bedding)gorilla (Greek Gorillai, a tribe of hairy women, perhaps of African origin)hamster (Middle High German hamastra)kangaroo (Aboriginal language of Guugu Yimidhirr, gangurru , referring to a species of kangaroo)kink (Dutch, twist in a rope)moccasin (Native American Indian, Virginia Algonquian, akin to Powhatan mà ¤kà ¤sn and Ojibwa makisin)molasses (Portuguese melaà §os, from Late Latin mellceum, from Latin mel, honey)muscle (Latin musculus, mouse)slogan (alteration of Scots slogorne, battle cry)smorgasbord (Swedish, literally bread and butter table)whiskey (Old Irish uisce, water, and bethad, of life)Clipping or Shorteni ngSome new words are simply shortened forms of existing words, for instance indie from independent; exam from examination; flu from influenza, and fax from facsimile.CompoundingA new word may also be created by combining two or more existing words: fire engine, for example, and babysitter.BlendsA blend, also called a portmanteau word,  is a word formed by merging the sounds and meanings of two or more other words. Examples include moped, from mo(tor) ped(al), and brunch, from br(eakfast) (l)unch.Conversion or Functional ShiftNew words are often formed by changing an existing word from one part of speech to another. For example, innovations in technology have encouraged the transformation of the nouns network, Google, and  microwave  into verbs.Transfer of Proper NounsSometimes the names of people, places, and things become generalized vocabulary words. For instance, the noun maverick was derived from the name of an American cattleman, Samuel Augustus Maverick. The saxophone was named after Sax, the surname of a 19th-century Belgian family that made musical instruments.Neologisms or Creative CoinagesNow and then, new products or processes inspire the creation of entirely new words. Such neologisms are usually short lived, never even making it into a dictionary. Nevertheless, some have endured, for example quark (coined by novelist James Joyce), galumph (Lewis Carroll), aspirin (originally a trademark), grok (Robert A. Heinlein).Imitation of SoundsWords are also created by onomatopoeia, naming things by imitating the sounds that are associated with them: boo, bow-wow, tinkle, click. Why Should We Care About Word Histories? If a words etymology is not the same as its definition, why should we care at all about word histories? Well, for one thing, understanding how words have developed can teach us a great deal about our cultural history. In addition, studying the histories of familiar words can help us deduce the meanings of unfamiliar words, thereby enriching our vocabularies. Finally, word stories are often both entertaining and thought provoking. In short, as any youngster can tell you, words are fun.

Controlling One’s Environment - 1193 Words

Controlling One’s Environment: What Role Does This Play in Learning Belser Walker According to the constructivism theory of learning, people learn by recognizing meaning in their present knowledge framework. According to believers of this theory, learning is done by the process of assimilation and accommodation. Accommodation refers to the process by which failure leads to further learning; where a new experience that is contrary to ones expectations causes one to change their mental representations. On the other hand, assimilation is the process by which a new experience is integrated into an existing framework. Assimilation when the nature of ones perception of the world is the same as the experiences they go through.†¦show more content†¦In contrast, some may be located in areas that have plenty of geographical, historical and scientific material to learn from. Such natural features make the learning process interesting and this may enhance the learning process. If an individual chooses the wrong social grouping and habits, then chances are they will hinder the learning process. Engaging in anti-social behavior such as drugs may hurt ones learning because it interferes with the minds ability to process information. It also interferes with normal body functions. Additionally, certain people spend too much time engaging in non-constructive behavior such as gambling and may not learn much in the classroom or otherwise. Various social circles may also restrict or encourage learning. It has been reported that people brought up in poor neighborhoods with high crime levels are likely to remain uneducated throughout their lives due to these negative distractions. Some factors may remain largely unknown to particular individuals but they can affect learning. Certain individuals may be brought up in the same culture, come from the same income bracket, they may like the same leisure activities and score the same results in an IQ test but one may still be more knowledgeable than the other. This is because every individual has their own uniqueness and they respond differently to different environments. (Wood, 1998) Some environments may enhance learningShow MoreRelatedCharacteristics of Criminal Offenders810 Words   |  3 Pagesboth believed that â€Å"eugenic thinking in a formula that linked heredity to social, moral, and mental failings and added the implication that bad heredity had been earned by the iniquity of past generations†. Meaning that they believed that a person environment can be they primary reasoning for participating in criminal acts. Explanations of criminal behaviors article states that â€Å"contemporary researchers have searched for support for the genetic transmission of crime by studying criminal families, andRead MorePsychology, Existential And Cognitive Behavioral Therapy1727 Words   |  7 PagesTherapy I would incorporate Beck’s theory of Cognitive Therapy to help clients move towards awareness within themselves by identifying faulty thinking and distortions. Especially in the areas of overgeneralization, personalization and mislabeling in one†™s automatic thought patterns (Corey, 2013). PART 1 - Human nature: Are people essentially good, evil, or neutral? How much of personality is inborn or determined by biological and/or other innate factors? Are there inborn drives, motives, tendenciesRead MorePrivacy Rights : Moral And Legal Foundations1312 Words   |  6 Pagesunderstanding of one’s privacy and what should be protected is rooted in a society’s moral and social norms. 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FurthermoreRead MoreThe Four Tasks Of Management1449 Words   |  6 PagesThe four task of management is: planning, organizing, leading and controlling. Think about the four tasks as a process as each step builds on the other. The set of cone activities that defines the role of manager in a business environment. The four functions of management include planning, or deciding upon business goals and the methods to achieve them; organizing or determining the allocation of people and resources; directing, or motivating, instructing and supervising workers assigned to the activity ;Read MoreOur Greatest Influence Come from Our Family Systems Essay587 Words   |  3 Pagesthrough life from conception to, the western idea of adulthood, takes many directions for every person. The impact of family, friends, everyday people and the stimuli of the various environments you were exposed to all have aided in your maturation. How do you think you turned out after being in your various environments? 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Sonee Hardware Pvt Ltd Change Management

Question: Discuss about theSonee Hardware Pvt Ltd Change Management. Answer: Introduction SONEE Hardware Pvt LTD was incorporated in the 1970s and is the leading hardware supplier in Maldives. The objective of the company is the satisfaction of the customers, employees as well as the general public. The company has adopted a value-added approach with the aim to be the favorite customer hardware store. The success of the company has largely depended on consistency, reliability and quality of services offered to the customers, employees and the general public. SONNEE hardware has a total of six outlets in which it has diversified into different areas of business. With the increased competition the company strives to provide high-quality services to its customers (SONEE Hardware, 2016). This paper will aim to identify the reasons why it is important to manage change in the organization, proposed changes and to discuss the challenges of the change process as well as identify the strategies to overcome those challenges. Discussion Importance of Managing Change in the Organization According to Bhattacharya and Sengupta (2006), the current organization environment necessitates the need for the organization to implement various changes with the aim of enhancing their competitiveness. Change management involves the process of transitioning organization, individuals and teams through the use of the business process, redirecting of resources and budget allocations that significantly reshape an organization. Change management is important in the organizations because of the following reasons; First, enables organization to thrive in the changing environment- organizations are operating in an environment that is influenced by various different factors such as political, economic, social and cultural factors. As such, it is important for the organization to embrace change because the failure of the organization to change can lead to the loss of its market share or make it less competitive. Therefore, the ability to effectively manage changes in the organization will help to deliver results on multiple changes that allow an organization to achieve its strategic vision and thrive in todays challenging environments (Jung, 2013). Second, to improve employee performance- according to Creasey Hiatt (2003), one of the objectives of undertaking changes in the organization is to improve the performance of the employees. Some of the changes in the organization help to ensure efficiency and productivity of the employees; however, there is the likely hood that employees will resist changes even though changes are for their own good. Therefore, change management helps the employees to understand the importance of the changes as well as to focus on helping the employees change how they carry out their activities, thus, improving their performance. Third, help close the gap between results and the requirement- in the argument of Jung (2013) change in the organization helps to meet the requirements through the delivery of the necessary outputs hence enabling the employees to achieve their targets. Managing change in the organization is essential if the management wants to bridge the gap that may exist between results and requirements. Fourth, to increase the likelihood of the organization success- embracing changing in the organization enables it to adapt to the various changes within the environment it operates. If the organization fails to constantly adapt to changes, it is more likely to fail to achieve its mission and vision. Therefore, managing change in the organization contributes to the likely hood of the organization success (Jung, 2013). Fifth, to increase innovation- Sharma (2007) argues that change process enables the organization to embrace innovative activities. The failure to effectively manage change in the organization can lead to increased cost because of failed innovative programs. Therefore, managing change process is important in increasing innovative activities in the organization. Proposed Changes Changes in SONEE Hardware Pvt LTD can better help the organization to effectively compete with its competitors and act as a source of the organization competitive advantage. For this reason, I would propose the following changes to the company; One, structural changes- currently the company has only six outlets which limit its customer base as well as its profitability and success. Structural changes like strategic partnerships would help the company to expand its customer base, reduce its operation cost and increase its profitability. A strategic partnership is the alliance or partnership between two organizations that derive a specified benefit to the companies like reduction on the operation costs through joint innovation programs (Steward, 2009). Two, computerization of its processes- the company should strive to adopt a computerized system not only in the production process but also in all its operations. Computerization of the company operations will reduce the operational costs, increase efficiency and employees productivity as well as profitability. Due to the increased competition, the adoption of the computerized system increases organization competitiveness by ensuring provision and production of high quality services and products, thus, enhancing customer satisfaction (Thong Raman, 2004). Three, cultural changes- organization culture is an important aspect of the organization success. Currently, the organization culture of SONEE Hardware Pvt LTD is focused on providing quality services to the employees, customers and the general public. However, it is important for SONEE Hardware Pvt LTD to also embrace a culture of innovation, productivity and compliance to increase its competitive edge in the global market. Organization culture refers to the shared beliefs, norms, expectations and working habits of the organization. Change in the company culture would help achieve the organization strategic goals (Cox Blake, 2011). Four, change in products, customer relationship and marketing- changes in customer relations, products and marketing is critical to the organization long-run success. Therefore, the management needs to continuously analyze the organization external environment with the aim to developing appropriate strategies that ensure production of the right products that meet the customer needs, improve customer relationships and create awareness of the company products and brand (Jung, 2013). Five, organization restructuring- according to McKinley and Scherer (2009) restructuring will help reduce the operational costs, increase efficiency and profitability as well as reduce wastage of resources. For example, SONEE Hardware Pvt LTD can restructure by reducing its work force and adopting the use of ICT in processing and production. The restructuring process should also involve redefining the roles of the employees and the management levels. Challenges to Change Process Change process is inevitable in the organizations. Despite the numerous benefits of the change, the process is usually faced with challenges. According to Pryor, Taneja and Singleton (2008) some of the challenges of the change process include the following; One, employees resistance- employees resistance is one of the major challenges organization face in the process of change implementation. Employees tend to resist change because of various reasons such as fear of the unknown, lack of participation or poor communication. Employees resistance can derail the change process or contribute to unsuccessful change implementation process Two, planning and managing change- often managers find it challenging to plan and manage change in the organization. The challenge of planning and managing change is usually because some changes are not planned, and it is difficult to accurately project the effects of change in the organization. At times, the managers fail to clearly understand the exact changes that will take place and how those changes will be implemented. Three, lack of consensus- the decision to initiate a planned change in the organization ought to be of all the company board members. However, the board members may fail to agree to the proposed changes which would create a challenge in the change process. The failure to get all the directors or managers on board is a challenge a company is likely to face when implementing changes. Strategies to overcome change implementation challenges and ensure change management success As earlier discussed, change is inevitable in the organizations, and the process is likely to be faced with various challenges. As such, one of the duties of the management during the change implementation process is to develop appropriate strategies to overcome the challenges. In this case, I propose the following strategies to overcome the challenges; One, effective communication- one of the reasons why change process may fail is because of poor communication. It is important for the management to ensure all the stakeholders are informed of the reasons for change and the consequences of the change process as well as how the management intends to address any negative impacts (Dent Goldberg, 2009). Two, employee participation- according to Aladwani, (2011) the participation of the employees is crucial in reducing resistance to change. Employee participation creates a feeling of trust and belonging in the organization. Employee participation significantly influences the success of the change implementation. Three, effective planning- Goksoy (2016) argues that proper planning provides a blue print of how the change process will be conducted and the strategies to be implemented to overcome any challenges. Effective planning of the change process is crucial because it ensures all the stakeholders are involved in the process hence reducing possible resistance. Four, understanding the current state- implementing change without understanding the current state is a challenge faced by many organizations introducing change. To overcome this challenge, the management should critically and carefully analyze the current organization state before introducing the required changes. Understanding the current state helps the management indentify the areas that need changes and develop appropriate change strategies (Goksoy, 2016). Five, education- according to Cummings and Worley (2009) employees resist change because they fail to understand the benefits and need for change process. As such, educating the organization employees is one the best strategies that management can use to overcome resistance. Educating the employees on the reasons and benefits for the change process helps employees understand the logic for change efforts, hence reducing incorrect and unfounded rumors that could disrupt the process. References Aladwani, A. M. (2011). Change management strategies for successful Change implementation. Business Process management journal, 7(3), 266-275. Bhattacharya, M. S., Sengupta, R. N. (2006). Managing change in organizations. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.. Cox, T. H., Blake, S. (2011). Managing cultural diversity: Implications for organizational competitiveness. The Executive, 45-56. Creasey, T. J., Hiatt, J. M. (2003). Change management: The people side of change. Madison, Wis: Prosci Learning Center Publications. Cummings, T. G., Worley, C. G. (2009). Organization development change. Australia: South-Western/Cengage Learning Dent, E. B., Goldberg, S. G. (2009). Challenging resistance to change. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 35(1), 25-41. Goksoy, A. (2016). Organizational change management strategies in modern business. Jung, C. (2013). Importance of change management in organisations. Place of publication not identified: Grin Verlag McKinley, W., Scherer, A. G. (2009). Some unanticipated consequences of organizational restructuring. Academy of Management Review, 25(4), 735-752. Pryor, M. G., Taneja, Singleton, L. (2008). Challenges facing change management theories and research. Delhi Business Review, 9(1), 1-8. Sharma, R. R. (2007). Change management: Concepts and applications. New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill SONEE Hardware - Home. (2016). SONEE .com.mv. Retrieved 28 October 2016, from https://www.SONEE .com.mv/ Steward, C. (2009). Developing strategic partnerships: How to leverage more business from major customers. Aldershot, Hampshire, England: Gower. Thong, J. Y., Raman, K. S. (2004). Effect of computerisation in small business. European Journal of Information Systems, 3(3), 191-206.

Chris McCandless free essay sample

Have you ever heard the phrase, â€Å"better safe than sorry†? This idiom’s truthfulness is proven in Jon Krakauer’s book, Into the Wild. In the book, Christopher McCandless, a young man who follows his dreams, learns to never overestimate oneself, for arrogance can lead to bad decisions and therefore bad consequences. Christopher McCandless decided early in the book that his ambition was to live completely off the land for a while, with only the help of ten pounds of rice for food. His adventure was not fated to end well though, for the Alaskan wilderness is perilous and he was not well prepared. Although many of the people who offered him rides had offered advice and told him how to be better prepared, Chris still â€Å"came into the country with insufficient provisions, and he lacked certain pieces of equipment deemed essential by many Alaskans †¦ He was green and overestimated his resilience†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (180, 182). We will write a custom essay sample on Chris McCandless or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Christopher had neglected to follow much of the advice, thinking he was prepared after having survived his hitchhiking days. He showed lots of ignorance when walking into the wilderness so underprepared and with such little knowledge of the specific area. He is so overconfident he decides to throw most of his ammunition into the lake, an action he regrets later on, when hinting becomes too important for him to have disregarded it so. This lesson proves useful both two centuries ago, with Sir John Franklin, and a hundred years later, when a new lawyer neglects to gather as much evidence as was needed because he felt so confident after his first case. Hubris and arrogance were the death of Christopher McCandless, for they made him underprepared and ungrateful of what he had. Christopher could still be alive had he taken more interest in learning more about the specific area around the Stampede Trail and taken more supplies with him, even if he did plan to use them, because after all, its better to be safe than sorry. Hubris leads to bad decisions no matter what your situation is, and these bad decisions can negatively impact your life, and that of others.

Dont Judge a Book by its cover Essay Example

Dont Judge a Book by its cover Essay ONeal Appearances are often misleading People treat other people with a disorder unequal due to them being handicapped. They look at them as If they are not normal. After looking at the movie Bill, peoples personal views on those with mental retardation are viewed differently. This movie Is Interesting to watch and It motivates people who dont have the same ablest as normal people. This movie shows that you cant always judge a book by its cover. In the movie Bill was an old man who was placed in a mental home since he was seven years old. Bill didnt understand himself as abnormal as all the other people who was actually mental challenged. Although he was an abnormal person due to his disorder, he could play an instrument. Bill meet this man named Barry while he was working and they became best friends. Along the way Barry learned that Bill was as smart as anyone else, but also hed been locked up in a mental institution since he was 5 years old and treated as if he was mentally handicapped. We will write a custom essay sample on Dont Judge a Book by its cover specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Dont Judge a Book by its cover specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Dont Judge a Book by its cover specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In the movie you will twice how Barry views Bill as equal as any other person in his own way. He finds something special in Bill that no one sees; which inspired Barry to make a movie about him. When they started to get more into the movie, then Barry started to get more close to Bill. Barry views on Bill did not changed, but other people still look at Bill as an abnormal person with a disability. Bill often got taken advantage of because he was so nice. People still saw Bill as an outsider. Bill started to working for the university as a person who rakes leaves off the kids playground. The kindergarten teacher often saw Bill as a threat to her students. She did not understand that he had a mind of a child and was completely harmless. People didnt know for sure why she dislikes Bill so much, but Barry was determined to find out the reason why. Bill Just wanted to be treated equally like the other people he sees around him every day. That kindergarten teacher couldnt understand about his My response would be that this was one movie that could Inspire situation. People to get to know others before Judging. The saying Appearances are often misleading seemed to be the exact difficulty In this movie Itself. It was a simple but heartfelt story of a challenged man trying to get through life on his own, with all the Innocent fun and happiness, all the love to and from accepting friends, and all the huge frustration of Just trying to get by from day to day with a deck always trying to judge him. The movie Bill was not a fairy tale film Like Forrest Gum was, or a misrepresentation of the real truth about autistic sufferers as was Rain Man, but a he beginning of the movie I remember feeling sorry for Bill, however, by the end of the movie I felt sorry for the people who didnt know Bill or have a Bill in their life. After watching this movie, I became more aware of the people around me with disabilities and befriended several. Now after watching this movie, people would get a better understanding that all people should be considered equal besides on the way they look. All people were placed on this earth for a reason. With that being said, there is no such thing as being normal in my eyes and this movie was a true story that proved it.

Free Essays on The Evolution Of Rap Music

The Evolution of Rap Music In today’s society, many people look down on Rap music and the Hip Hop culture. They classify the music as violent and the many causes of violent behavior among America’s youth. Neither do they look at Rap music as an art form for which it is; instead it is considered a fad that will hopefully disappear. Rap music has been around for over twenty years and has its long memorable history. Just as other genres of music have evolved and been influenced over time, Rap music too has come a long way and should be recognized for the art it as become. In order to understand Rap music, one has to come to understand what is known as the Hip Hop culture. Rap is a very important part of the evolution of this Hip Hop culture. Besides music, Hip Hop consisted of graffiti, break dancing, new attitudes, and a unique style of clothing. As I have come to understand through my resources, the origin of the Hip Hop culture was centered in the Bronx in New York City. To get a better understanding of how the Hip Hop culture developed, we have to get a better understanding of the conditions which existed at this time. In Steven Haver’s book, â€Å"Hip Hop; the Illustrated History of Break Dancing, Rap Music and Graffiti,† he claims that there were three major events that took place in the Bronx that led to the birth of the Hip Hop culture. First, in 1959 Parks Commissioner Robert Moses started to construct an expressway through the middle of the Bronx. Because of this, the most of the middle class vanished overnight. Just as well, businesses and factories began to relocate. Poor black and Hispanic families replaced the former population with crime, drug addiction, and unemployment. The next major event that took place was in 1968 when Parks Commissioner Robert Moses built a 15,382 unit co-op apartment complex at the northern most part of the Bronx right next to the expressway. As a result of this, the remain... Free Essays on The Evolution Of Rap Music Free Essays on The Evolution Of Rap Music The Evolution of Rap Music In today’s society, many people look down on Rap music and the Hip Hop culture. They classify the music as violent and the many causes of violent behavior among America’s youth. Neither do they look at Rap music as an art form for which it is; instead it is considered a fad that will hopefully disappear. Rap music has been around for over twenty years and has its long memorable history. Just as other genres of music have evolved and been influenced over time, Rap music too has come a long way and should be recognized for the art it as become. In order to understand Rap music, one has to come to understand what is known as the Hip Hop culture. Rap is a very important part of the evolution of this Hip Hop culture. Besides music, Hip Hop consisted of graffiti, break dancing, new attitudes, and a unique style of clothing. As I have come to understand through my resources, the origin of the Hip Hop culture was centered in the Bronx in New York City. To get a better understanding of how the Hip Hop culture developed, we have to get a better understanding of the conditions which existed at this time. In Steven Haver’s book, â€Å"Hip Hop; the Illustrated History of Break Dancing, Rap Music and Graffiti,† he claims that there were three major events that took place in the Bronx that led to the birth of the Hip Hop culture. First, in 1959 Parks Commissioner Robert Moses started to construct an expressway through the middle of the Bronx. Because of this, the most of the middle class vanished overnight. Just as well, businesses and factories began to relocate. Poor black and Hispanic families replaced the former population with crime, drug addiction, and unemployment. The next major event that took place was in 1968 when Parks Commissioner Robert Moses built a 15,382 unit co-op apartment complex at the northern most part of the Bronx right next to the expressway. As a result of this, the remain...

Viewing the Globe in 2006 and 2056 Part 4 Essay

Viewing the Globe in 2006 and 2056 Part 4 - Essay Example I cannot really do anything to salvage the situation, since it is due to the desert region that the country is situated. Apart from this, all other area of my life has changed for the better. Libya is now politically stable since the change from authoritarian to democratic system of government, so I do not need to bother about any political wrangling as Libya is now freer to what it used to be in 2006. Libya is now a land that guarantees freedom to all and sundry and this is one of the reasons that the United Nations has recognized it as a land that avails opportunity to not only its citizens but to other citizens of the world. Libya is now among the top exporters of petroleum in the world; its export partners include Italy, USA, Great Britain, Tunisia, Spain, Germany, Australia and France. There has been a rapid development in the fields of petrochemicals, mineral resources and other key economic areas of the country. The fact that the economic situation of Libya has changed means t hat I now experience a big improvement in my finances and the responsibility of meeting the daily needs of my family is not a problem. I am proud to be a Libyan parent as the situation in the country is really encouraging for people that have to take care of their kids. The prices of market commodities have been relatively stable when compared to yester years. There is really no queue when I drive to the petrol station to fill my engine with fuel as there has not been any problem of fuel scarcity in the country. Libya has really developed in terms of trade and commerce that stores that sell groceries and other household items are just a stone’s throw from my house. As said earlier, Libya has experienced a tremendous change in economical growth, so the prices of groceries are very okay to the point that we could get them from nearby private stores for the same price you would get them when you go to large markets that are far away but this was not the case in 2006, the prices at the large markets were cheaper than the private stores. Benghazi still remains the commercial capital of the country as there is really nothing that cannot be gotten from this city, which is the second largest city in Libya (Sanders, 1999). Libya has become a major tourist center to other countries of the world as people from all over the world come to the country to experience the beauty of this great country. The government has contributed to the making of the county as one of the best tourist centers in the world. Tourism has really thrived in Libya in the year 2056 and I often take my family on vacation to the various tourist centers in the country and the place we often visit is the theater at lepcis magna, I love this place so much. Things keep happening at a very fast pace in Libya. If one is not careful, one would be left behind in the fast pace those things happen and this has actually been my greatest worry. I am worried that I would be left behind one day if I do not t ry to blend with the trend of change that has taken place in Libya. Things have really changed in Libya and this has really made me to have little worries, but my greatest worry is the sustenance of this change as I worry if Libya as a country would be able to manage the changes it has experienced. If it was in 2006, I would have been bothered about the security of my spouse and kids considering

ESSAY Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

ESSAY - Research Paper Example The age of Callisto is around 4.5 billion years, the same as that of the planet where it is located which is Jupiter. Callisto is the furthest of the Galilean moons since it orbits from Jupiter at around 1,168,000 miles. Due to this distance from Jupiter, it takes seven days of earth to make a single complete orbit around the planet. Its orbit outside Jupiter’s main radiation strap makes the moon experience less tidal influences as compared to other Jovian moons. The size Callisto is about 3,000 miles in diameter, which is 4,800 kilometers. It is approximately the same size as planet mercury making it the third largest moon of the solar system. Callisto has the lowest density. Callisto’s mean surface temperature is 218.47 Fahrenheit (Zimmermann). Callisto was discovered by Galileo Galilei on January, 7 1610. Of all the Jupiter’s moons, it was the fourth to be discovered. It was discovered along with other three Jovian moons and it was the first for a moon to be found circling a planet which is not Earth. Galileo’s discovery finally led to the knowledge that planets orbit the sun (Zimmermann). Jupiter and its moons have been visited by several spacecraft. In 1973, Pioneer 10 arrived and by 1974, pioneer 11 had followed. During their flybys, Voyager 1 as well as Voyager 2 brought back outstanding photos. Detailed images were later to be formed by the Galileo spacecraft that travelled as near to the ground as 162 miles which is 261 kilometers over the exterior of the Galilean moons. Craters are the most noticeable feature of Callisto. This is because of the entire solar system Callisto has the most craters. According to scientist’s approximation, of the entire solar system, Callisto has the eldest surface. This moon has glimmered keen scientific interest since in 4 billion years, there is no sign of change on its geologic landscape. With no impact change on the

International business final exam Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

International business final exam - Assignment Example The conditions imply that cotton in Africa is cheaper than in the United States in production. In fact, Dunavant pays about half of the world prices for the African cotton. This strengthens that assertion that the low cost of production translates to lower prices. The low cost are brought about by abundance of land to grow cotton, labor, and low barriers to trade in the commodity. Also, the availability of professional advice and microfinance services from Dunavant has increased production. Trade between Dunavant and Africa is beneficial to various parties which in include the farmers, the company and textile industries across the world. Unlike the US farmers who rely of subsidies, African farmers are reliant on financial services extended by companies like Dunavant (Zachary 2007). The price benefit derived by the company extends to other firms that buy the cotton from it. This has the effect of bringing the world cotton prices down. Consequently, it raises competition among cotton producing regions. The information can be explained by porters diamond of national advantage whose interest in factor conditions, structure and rivalry in the industry, available demand, related and supporting industries Factor conditions include skilled labor and technology. Cotton in Africa is labor intensive and thus benefits from a large population. Moreover, availability of funds from companies and governments aid the industry. A local market is preferable as it triggers more production. The industry becomes more competitive thus deriving better services to farmers. Global companies acting on a national stage opens up the country for international demand that further enhances cotton farming. The cotton industry is competitive. Production in Africa closely follows the United States, placing Africa as a strategic player in the industry. The advantage is that many international suppliers have ventured into the region to provide market

Local Safeguarding Children Board Social Work Essay

Local Safeguarding Children Board Social Work Essay Physical abuse: This is any form of harm caused to the body, which may include one or more episodes of aggressive behavior, usually resulting in physical injury with possible damage to internal organs, sense organs, the central nervous system etc. Sexual abuse: This is when a sexual act is carried out without the consent or understanding of the service user involved. This can include sexual penetration of any part of the body, touching inappropriate parts of the body without informed agreement, sexual exploitation and/or threats regarding sexual activity. Emotional / psychological abuse: service users being bullied, controlled, intimidated or taken advantage of . Service users needs being ignored, reports of shouting, screaming, swearing, scared of raised voices, distressed, being teased, being humiliated, un respected, not being given choice, opinion,    dignity, privacy, being undermined. Financial abuse: This can be the case when a third party is controlling or spending a service users money. Not being made aware of their own finances, family controlling service users money and not making it available for the service user to use, control of their finances being taken away even if able to deal with them, sudden changes in the service users will, personal belongs going missing, unusual spending patterns, others moving into the service users property. | Institutional abuse: This can occur in a care home, nursing home, acute hospital or in-patient setting and can be any of the following For example, being made to do things not of the service users own free will, i.e. under duress, being forced into acts they are not compliant with (or being forced into behaviour they are not happy with) such as set meal times, set bedtimes, freedom restricted. Self neglect: This is when a service user neglects their own basic needs, such as personal care not eating/drinking, not taking medication, neglecting personal hygiene, neglecting appearance. Neglect by others: This can occur when a third party neglects a service user, whether intentionally or via oversight. Neglect can involve not catering for the service users basic needs such as nutritional needs, healthcare/hygiene needs, leaving a service user without adequate finances, neglecting medication needs. Identify the signs and/or symptoms associated with each type of abuse The indicators or warning signs of abuse can be clues that something is happening in the life of the service user that should be looked into. Some indicators are obvious signs of abuse. Other indicators are subtle, requiring careful observation. Signs/symptoms of: Physical abuse Bruises, Burns, Cuts or scars, marks left by a restraint, imprint injuries (eg., marks shaped like fingers, thumbs, hands, belts or sticks), missing teeth, bald spot in hair (from pulled hair) , eye injuries, broken bones ,sprains, abrasions or scrapes, sudden onset of psychosomatic complaints, sudden difficulty walking or sitting. Sexual abuse unusual sexual behaviour, blood or marks on underclothes, recurrent genital/urinary infections, loss of confidence, lack of interest in appearance, sleeping problems, feeling depressed, frequent complaints of abdominal pain. Emotional/Psychological abuse changes in the way affection is shown, sudden onset of nightmares, changes in sleep patterns, difficulty sleeping, sudden regression to childlike behaviors (i.e., bed-wetting, thumb-sucking), cruelty to animals, sudden fear of a person or place, depression, withdrawal, or mood swings any unexplained change in behaviour. Financial abuse unpaid bills, no money for food, clothing, or medication, unexplained withdrawal of money from someones bank account, family member or representative refuses to spend money on the adults behalf, possessions disappear, family member or another person forces an adult to sign over Power of Attorney against their own  will. Institutional abuse Inability to make choices or decisions, not being offered an advocate when needed, no awareness of own rights, agitation if routine broken, not person centred, care plans not available to service user, strict times for routines which MUST be adhered to, carer/company using policy and procedure as a reason for not doing something for the service user without making an effort to find another way to do it, lack of personal clothing or possessions, denial of visitors or phone calls, lack of privacy, lack of adequate procedures (e.g. for medication, financial management, controlling relationships between staff and service users, poor professional practice, high number of complaints, accidents or incidents. These are all signs that may be shown when institutional abuse is occurring. Self neglect Signs shown when self-neglect is happening to a service user are poor personal hygiene, no food in the cupboards or fridge, rapid weight loss Neglect by others When services users are being neglected by others signs that this is happening may be, they become ill, hungry, cold, dirty, injured, deprived of their rights and rapid weight loss may become evident. Describe the factors that may contribute to a service user being more vulnerable to abuse Vulnerable people may be more susceptible to abuse when carers have made changes to their lives that they are not comfortable with, when there is no family to support them, when they have more than one carer supporting them, when they do not know how/where to make a complaint, when they need more care than they are currently receiving, when their carers become dependent on alcohol or drugs, when living in housing which has no adaptations, are socially isolated or are not aware of their rights. 2. Know how to respond to suspected or alleged abuse Explain the actions to take if there are suspicions that an service user is being abused I would firstly observe the service user and if I became suspicious that he/she was being abused I would ask if they are okay. I would next inform my line manager of my concerns and discreetly document my concerns, but I would not ask the service user leading questions. Explain the actions to take if an service user alleges that they are being abused If a service user alleges that they are being abused I would need to stay calm, Listen very carefully, ensure that he/she is not in any immediate danger, call for emergency services if urgent medical / police help is required and be aware that medical and forensic evidence might be needed, encourage the person not to wash or bathe in a major incident of abuse as this could disturb medical/forensic evidence. I would next tell the person that they did the right thing in telling me, express concern and sympathy about what has happened, reassure that the information will be taken seriously and give information about what will happen next, let the service user know that they will be kept involved at every stage; that they will be told the outcome and who will do this. Give the service user contact details of somebody that is in a position to help further so that they can report any further issues or ask any questions that may arise. Next I would explain that I must tell my Line Manager, t hen inform my Line Manager of the situation immediately and explain what I have been told along with my concerns. Identify ways to ensure that evidence of abuse is preserved I would begin by making a written record of messages (e.g. answer-phone) to ensure they are not lost (including the date and time and sign them), ensure written records (notes, letters, bank statements, medication records etc.) are kept in a safe place. If this involves physical abuse I would not tidy up, wash clothes, bedding, other items, or try to clear/tidy anything up. I would try not to touch anything unless I have to for the immediate wellbeing of the service user if I have to I would then make a record of what I have done. If any sexual abuse has been committed I would discourage the service user from washing, drinking, cleaning their teeth or going to the toilet until the police are present. I would then try to ensure that no one else enters the premises (apart from medical staff or necessary people in positions of authority until the police arrive. I would contact my Line Manager to try to ensure that the alleged perpetrator does not have any contact with the service user, record any physical signs or injuries using a body map or hand drawing and write a description of any physical signs or injuries including size, shape, colour etc. I would lastly sign and date my notes and any other records I have made. 3. Understand the national and local context of safeguarding and protection from abuse Identify national policies and local systems that relate to safeguarding and protection from abuse No secrets (Department of Health2000) Safeguarding of Vulnerable Adults policy, (SOVA) Care Quality commission (CQC) Mental Capacity Act Independent safeguarding authority (ISA) National occupational standards General social care commission In safe hands Local safeguarding children board Explain the roles of different agencies in safeguarding and protecting service users from abuse No secrets Provides guidance to local agencies that have a responsibility to investigate and take action when a vulnerable adult is believed to be suffering from abuse. It offers a structure and content for the development of local inter-agency policies, procedures and joint protocols which will draw on good practice nationally and locally; and encourages partnership working between all statutory, voluntary and private agencies that work with vulnerable adults. P.O.V.A List The Care Standards Act 2000 introduced a list for the protection of vulnerable adults known as the POVA list which listed care workers who were considered unsuitable to work with vulnerable adults. Section 82(1) of the Act provides that a person who provided care for vulnerable adults must refer a care worker to the Secretary of State if the provider had dismissed a care worker on the grounds of misconduct which harmed or placed at risk of harm a vulnerable adult. Every child matter Every Child Matters, the governments vision for childrens services was published in September 2003 as part of the response to the death of Victoria Climbie. It proposed reshaping childrens services to help achieve the following five key outcomes for children and young people: Be healthy, stay safe, enjoy and achieve, make a positive contribution, achieve economic well-being. It focuses on supporting families and carers and prevent them reaching crisis point and prevent child abuse. Care standards act 2000 The Care Standards Act 2000 came into effect in April 2002, replacing the Residential Homes Act 1984 and the Residential Homes Amendment Act 1991. The Act set up a new system of national minimum standards for services It established a major regulatory framework for social care to ensure high standards of care and will improve protection of vulnerable people. Implementation led to the establishment of the independent National Care Standards Commission (NCSC). Quality Care Commission Established through the Care standards Act, the care quality commission aim is to promote improvements in care via its triple functions of inspection, regulation and review of all social care services. It provides a comprehensive overview of social care in England and works at a local level, at a national level, and across all sectors. Regular reviews of social care provision are published. General Social Care Council (GSCC) The Care standards Act also established the GSCC, the first ever UK-wide codes of practice for social workers and employers were launched in September 2002. It is the regulatory body for the social care workforce in England. Their codes of practice provide a clear guide for all those who work in social work, setting out the standards of practice and conduct workers and their employers should meet. They are a critical part of regulating the workforce and helping to improve levels of professionalism and public protection. Safeguarding Vulnerable Groups Act (2006) barring scheme The Safeguarding Vulnerable Groups Act (2006) introduced a new vetting and barring scheme for those who work with children and vulnerable adults. The scheme was launched in autumn 2008 and replaced the Protection of Vulnerable Adults (POVA) arrangements. The scheme covers health and social care services. All new job applicants who will be working with children or vulnerable adults must have a Criminal Records Bureau (CRB disclosure) which gives prospective employers information about any criminal records history guiding their decision on the applicants suitability to work with children or vulnerable adults. The Independent Safeguarding Authoritys (ISA) role is to help prevent unsuitable people from working with children and vulnerable adults. We assess those individuals working or wishing to work in regulated activity that are referred to us on the grounds that they pose a possible risk of harm to vulnerable groups. There are two principal routes by which referrals are made to the ISA. Firstly, when a person applies for ISA registration, any convictions or cautions which are considered relevant would trigger a referral. The other way a referral would be made is where an employer or an organisation, for example, a regulatory body, has concerns that a person has caused harm or poses a future risk of harm to children or vulnerable adults. In these circumstances the employer or regualtory body must make a referral to the ISA. Local Safeguarding Children Board (LSCB) Under the Children Act 2004, each local authority is required to set up a Local Safeguarding Children Board (LSCB). The legislation followed concern over high profile instances of child abuse, such as the Victoria Climbie case.   LSCBs are responsible for local arrangements for protecting children and young people. They provide inter-agency guidelines for child protection Where someone has concerns relating to anyone who holds a position of trust or responsibility for children or young people, these should be discussed with and reported to the Local Authority Designated Officer (LADO). 3.3 Identify reports into serious failures to protect individuals from abuse I have identified two separate reports into serious failures to protect individuals from abuse (below). The first is a link to the tv documentary Panorama and the second is an article reported in the daily mail on 23 November 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b011pwt6 The attached link from the BBC Panorama programme show how on the top floor of a special hospital, locked away from their families and friends, a group of men and women are subjected to a regime of physical assaults, systematic brutality, and torture by the very people supposed to be caring for them. The victims are some of the most vulnerable in society the learning disabled, the autistic, and the suicidal. In a Panorama Special, Paul Kenyon exposes the truth about a gang of carers out of control, and how the care system ignored all the warning signs. Daily Mail article printed 23/11/11 by Daniel Martin, Whitehall Correspondent Cruelty of the carers: Damning report into home help for the elderly finds neglect so appalling some wanted to die These small acts of cruelty are being enacted, possibly unthinkingly, every day Cancer victim, 76, had to struggle to kitchen to heat up a meal because it was claimed health and safety rules meant home helpers could not operate a microwave Another patient, her 90s, put to bed at 2.45pm Read more:  http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2064957/Elderly-people-abused-carers-Neglect-bad-pensioners-wanted-die.html#ixzz23Xe5Hjrp Identify sources of information and advice about own role in safeguarding and protecting service users from abuse My company policies and procedures will outline my specific work role regarding safeguarding and protecting service users from abuse and the mandatory yearly safeguarding of vulnerable adults training will make me aware of the legislations dedicated to abuse, and my role in safeguarding vulnerable adults. 4. Understand ways to reduce the likelihood of abuse Explain how the likelihood of abuse may be reduced by: Working with person centred values: When taking a person centered approach the carer would be working with the service users, discussing their needs and preferences for care. This approach would enable the service user to gain trust in the carer, by having a caring person who they can talk to. The carer would then gain a deeper understanding of the service users preferences and beliefs. Thus, empowering the service user, upholding their rights and beliefs and reducing the risk for abuse. Read more:  http://wiki.answers.com/Q/How_adopting_a_person_centred_approach_which_offers_choices_and_upholds_rights_can_empower_an_individual_and_help_to_reduce_the_likelihood_of_abuse#ixzz23u4FTLNw Encouraging active participation Encouraging active participation builds self esteem, therefore the service user will refuse to tolerate abuse and will be more inclined to report it. They are also around other people when actively participating, which will help to build friendships in which they can share things they may tell one of these friends if abuse should happen, which could lead to the service user obtaining help. Promoting choice and rights Service users have a right to dignity and freedom from discrimination.    They should be treated with respect and shown that their feelings are considered in the care they receive.    Service users should be empowered by being given choices and encouraged to make their own decisions, in this respect the likelihood of being abused by a carer is diminished. Explain the importance of an accessible complaints procedure for reducing the likelihood of abuse Promoting choice and rights is also addressed by having an accessible complaints procedure. This may be included in a service users welcome pack and backs up the service users rights, thus enabling the person to know who they can go to with a complaint or concern about any aspect of their treatment or care. This will give the person confidence in being able to file a complaint, who to complain to, the procedure to follow and what will happen when they have complained. 5. know how to recognize and report unsafe practices Describe unsafe practices that may affect the well-being of service users This can include a variety of practices, such as, carers not been properly/adequately trained for using equipment (eg hoists etc), carelessness, being too tired to carry out the role correctly, cutting corners due to time restrictions, inexperience, faulty equipment being used. Explain the actions to take if unsafe practices have been identified If unsafe practices are identified they need to be reported to my immediate line manager so that the person identified can be retrained or the condition remedied to prevent further damage. Describe the action to take if suspected abuse or unsafe practices have been reported but nothing has been done in response The national minimum standards (NMS) calls upon all care providers to have whistleblowing arrangements (which my organization also has), which will protect me and my job when I report my concerns. Whistle blowing is about helping people working for an organisation, to raise legitimate concerns or worries about unsafe or bad practices. If my concerns are not acted upon or I feel they have not been dealt with correctly I can pass my concerns on to the Care Quality Commission (CQC) and know that they will respond appropriately. Depending on the severity of my concerns I may feel it necessary to alternatively contact my Local authority safeguarding team or the police.

John Dalton :: essays research papers

John Dalton   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  John Dalton was a great help to modern day chemistry. He was born in 1766 in the small town of Eaglesfield, Cumbria, NW England in the UK. He was a chemist that stated an atomic theory of matter, which is now the theory of modern day chemistry. Besides his theories, he published the first major book of the studies of color blindness; which affected him. The book was published in 1794.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  He first stated his theory in 1803: that each chemical element is composed of its own kind of atoms, all with about the same weight. His theory explained why one substance with a curtain amount of mass joins with another substance with the same amount of mass, which forms compounds; this doesn't alway take place. His law also concluded that two solids can not occupy the same space at the same time, although he concluded that a liquid, and a gas can occupy the same space at the same time. His law was the first useful atomic theory of matter.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another theory he had stated that total pressure let out by a mixture of gasses is the total of the pressures of all individual gasses in the mixture: in other words, he concluded evaporated water exists in air as an independent gas.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dalton tried his expiriments many times to make sure that his theory was right. To be exact Dalton tried his expiriments about 200,000 times! Dalton also developed a hypothesis that the sizes of the particles making up different gases must be different.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Daltons talent for recognizing patterns for his expirements data led him from his problem in meteorology. The idea of atoms being fundimental constituents of matter made him realize the importance of the theoretical connection between atomic weights and weight relations. In a easier way of saying this: Dalton was great at recognizing patterns in is work. His idea of atoms being fundimental parts of matter made him realize the importance of the theoretical connection between atomic weights and weight relations. Dalton was the first person to associate the old idea of atoms with stoichiometry.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Daltons atomic theory is based on four ideas:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1. All matter is made up of tiny particles, (A theory said by Newton in the 1680s.

Oncology and Social Media

LIVESTRONG, an organization created by one of the worlds best cyclists, Lance Armstrong, and cancer survivor, Doug Ulman, has been highly successful in raising awareness and helping the cause against cancer over the past years. Not only has the organization touched the lives of millions of people, but it also has raised millions of dollars to fund the fight against this worldwide disease. The foundation fights to improve the lives of people affected by cancer and works in two areas: One by directly supporting survivors(people facing cancer and their family) and the other is by creating a global movement to battle the disease.Although the organization is relatively small with fewer than 90 employees based in one city, it has grown to be highly respected; yet CEO Doug Ulman is still faced with some tough questions concerning the growth and future of the organization and how they can best leverage their brand. It would be recommended that in order to keep promoting and raising awareness for LIVESTRONG’s events and cancer activism, they should really emphasize and continue to take advantage of social media such as Twitter, Facebook, blogs, websites, etc. , because they provide a inexpensive, effective and broad way of marketing.Through these mediums of social media, they could answer questions, promote stories of cancer survivors, and provide a community for not only survivors but their families as well. They should also set up more events providing people with more personal experiences, such as mixers where people affected by cancer could gather, share their stories and meet face to face with others. Doug Ulman should also consider that if his goal is to create a national organization, advocating for people affected by cancer, that he may need expand offices to other places in the world, as currently they only have one located in Texas.If he isn’t willing to do so and wants to keep his company small, he should then look into the possibility of having more relations with local, existing cancer activism groups in other places of the world. Provided the craze that LIVESTRONG wrist bands caused in the world, proving to be a simple, inexpensive band that created a community across all geographical, racial and age lines, they should continue to fundraise through more fashion products like so (T-shirts, sweaters, shorts, shoes, etc. ).The wristbands not only sold more than 85 million, but they also were a way for everyday people to be philanthropists and donate an affordable amount of money and in return be able to show and feel like they are apart of the community of cancer survivors through a fashion item. However LIVESTRONG should recognize that one of the negatives of this whole campaign was that some people started purchasing the wristband for fashion purposes, instead of for the cause. To solve this problem with future items such as T-shirts, shorts, sweaters, etc. they could promote the main goal of the organization and make kn own to consumers what they were contributing to in buying LIVESTRONG products, possibly by adding tags on the article explaining this. Another concern Doug Ulman should have is that surrounding the doping allegations and multiple drug tests against Lance Armstrong, who is LIVESTRONG’s face and only â€Å"poster boy† for the organization. He should be worried of what would happen if these allegations turned out to be true, and how that would affect Armstrong’s reputation, which would reflect directly back on the LIVESTRONG brand.To relieve the possibility of this happening, Ulman should consider using everyday survivors to promote the brand, someone who is relatable to the common public and isn’t necessarily a celebrity such as Lance is. In doing so, people would be buying and supporting for the organization, and survivors, not just for Lance Armstrong. People would also be able to share their stories, and compare their experiences with cancer to others. F inally, in questioning whether LIVESTRONG should continue on its partnership with Nike or if they should breakaway and do their own thing, dropping Nike would be to risky of a move to make.Not only is Nike a highly reputable brand, but it also provides LIVESTRONG with someone who can produce and market their products, which brings in a considerable amount of revenue for the LIVESTRONG foundation. In dropping Nike, they would have to find another way to produce and promote these products, which would cause more problems than benefits. They can also use Nike to sponsor sporting events like the Tour De France, where all the bikers wore a yellow LIVESTRONG shirt, promoting their organization.With cancer being the second most common cause of death in the US, it is expected that almost everybody in the country knows someone who has been affected by this tragic disease, and thus the strength of the community helping those affected should continue to grow. By using the power of social media , their sponsors, events, taking advantage of the LIVESTRONG brand, looking into expanding offices into other parts of the world and by using everyday local survivors to promote their brand, Doug Ulman should expect his organization to continue to grow and help raise awareness and support for cancer not only locally, but worldwide.

Free Essays on Acapulco

I have sojourned many interesting places of Mexico in the past few years: Mazatlan, Puerto Vallarta, Guadalajara, and Monterrey, to name a few; but the most unusual and exciting place I have come to visit is Acapulco. Located on the luxurious south western Pacific Coast of Mexico, the coast overlooks one of Acapulco’s best views were one can view the daring feats performed by the La Quebrada cliff divers, and the Coyuca Lagoon a beautiful fresh water lagoon. Many people that live in Mexico are not even aware that this magical place even exists. It’s a secret place that many visit but few actually know about its events or activities that go on throughout the day and night time. The best breath taking view to watch the fearless â€Å"cliff divers† is a small plaza across the inlet. It might not be the highest dive, but certainly the most famous, scenic and possibly the most dangerous dive in the world. Divers as brave as they seem they attain the shrine as if it was their last minutes of life. Then they plunge into a narrow creek which is safe only when the waves fill it with water. They must dive at just the right moment. If not â€Å"splat† you dive on pure rock. Many say that even when the dive is precise it feels as if the water had a thick layer of concrete waiting to be punctured by the divers. In Coyuca Lagoon you can rest assured that you will get that feeling of a completely different world. This is a world that has not yet accepted the hectic, modern way of life. Coyuca lagoon has the best tourist services that will help you enjoy its tropical beauty. Here at the lagoon a tour includes taking a boat along the coast that floats through the thick vegetation and wildlife. Not only will you be able to enjoy its natural beauty of the lagoon but the variety of exotic birds at the Bird’s island, which are bird sanctuaries full of black and white herons, pelicans, ducks, and dozens of other tropical species. Coyuca lagoon is als... Free Essays on Acapulco Free Essays on Acapulco I have sojourned many interesting places of Mexico in the past few years: Mazatlan, Puerto Vallarta, Guadalajara, and Monterrey, to name a few; but the most unusual and exciting place I have come to visit is Acapulco. Located on the luxurious south western Pacific Coast of Mexico, the coast overlooks one of Acapulco’s best views were one can view the daring feats performed by the La Quebrada cliff divers, and the Coyuca Lagoon a beautiful fresh water lagoon. Many people that live in Mexico are not even aware that this magical place even exists. It’s a secret place that many visit but few actually know about its events or activities that go on throughout the day and night time. The best breath taking view to watch the fearless â€Å"cliff divers† is a small plaza across the inlet. It might not be the highest dive, but certainly the most famous, scenic and possibly the most dangerous dive in the world. Divers as brave as they seem they attain the shrine as if it was their last minutes of life. Then they plunge into a narrow creek which is safe only when the waves fill it with water. They must dive at just the right moment. If not â€Å"splat† you dive on pure rock. Many say that even when the dive is precise it feels as if the water had a thick layer of concrete waiting to be punctured by the divers. In Coyuca Lagoon you can rest assured that you will get that feeling of a completely different world. This is a world that has not yet accepted the hectic, modern way of life. Coyuca lagoon has the best tourist services that will help you enjoy its tropical beauty. Here at the lagoon a tour includes taking a boat along the coast that floats through the thick vegetation and wildlife. Not only will you be able to enjoy its natural beauty of the lagoon but the variety of exotic birds at the Bird’s island, which are bird sanctuaries full of black and white herons, pelicans, ducks, and dozens of other tropical species. Coyuca lagoon is als...

The U-2 Essays - Black Projects, Signals Intelligence, Free Essays

The U-2 Essays - Black Projects, Signals Intelligence, Free Essays The U-2 The U-2 CIA Air Force Reasons: Soviet air defense was aggressive April 8, 1950 USSR shot down a US Privateer over Baltic Autumn 1951 USSR downed a Twin-Engine Navy Neptune bomber June 13 1952 USSR allegedly downed a RB-29 Also scattered reports from Britain and Turkey After USSR backed N. Korea fear of USSR expansion grew Development: Civilian or Air Force? After many letters the decision for who to run development came from president Eisenhower who instructed that if a uniformed test pilot was captured in USSR in peacetime problems would arouse so a civilian team was called for development. Funding I would like to note that this segment in many reports was covered with black marker You try to read a sentence blacked out like this s and understand it. The Team James R. Killian, Jr. Director of Scientist - President of MIT His team of engineers worked no more that 50 feet from the assembly line. Problems were recognized and fixed in a few hours of draft productions. The Place Lockheed Martins Advanced Development facility in Burbank, CA AKA Skunk Works The Plane: The design called for a lightweight aircraft for ultrahigh flight. Tail The long tail was bolted to the body was only 3 bolts. This design was similar to a sailplane, which is also known for its lightweight. Wings The wing spar went through the fuselage. The panels were bolted to the side of the fuselage. (Sailplane) Amazingly the wings where integrated fuel tanks keeping almost all of the U-2s fuel. Nose and Landing Gear The nose was curved upwards to keep stabilized during wind gusts. (Sailplane) The landing was a complex set of bicycle like gears that weight 208 pounds but had the capability to withstand the touchdown of a 7-ton aircraft. Camera After developing 2 cameras each too large or too heavy a camera a camera was then developed using 3 mirrors and a prism to meet the size and weight requirements of the U-2 Spacesuits One of the first partially pressurized suits for high altitude flight was developed for specifically for the U-2. The cockpit kept a constant pressure 28,000 ft. This was at an outside pressure of a window cracking 70,000 feet or more. If the pressure suddenly decreased the suit would automatically inflate and administrate oxygen to the pilot. (Blood boils after 65,000ft) Fuel The CIA called on the vice president of Shell Oil Co. to make a low-volatility, low-vapor kerosene fuel. A fuel with the boiling point of 300F Security I wish I could fly like an eagle to the see fly like and eagle like my spirits carry me I want to fly. Right into the future I want to fly again. Over flights: First The first over flight of the U-2 was over Leningrad. Its target was to observe ship and submarines at bay. The Soviets caught glimpses of the U-2 but never accurately recognized the neither plane nor flight path. The USSR sent a letter to the White House describing the detection a Twin-Engine Navy Neptune bomber over USSR. The USSR was grossly wrong in the description of the U-2 and could not sustain the U-2 on radar for more than a few seconds. Nevertheless Eisenhower closed all over flights Renewal Eisenhower later renewed the U-2 program. But after taking pictures of Yerevan, USSR, The aircraft malfunctioned, and was forced to return to base. In another flight a pilot nick-named the Lemon Drop Kick was to fly over Bulgaria. The reason he was called that was because he always sucked on lemon hard candies during flight. But on that day the solider suiting him up put a L-pill in his pocket, unknowingly with the hard candies. L-pill being a suicide pill filled with potassium cyanide. He took off and started to eat his candy. He felt one of the pills had no flavor. Without biting into it he removed his faceplate and spit it out. The pilot was fine, but a thin glass coating away from death. More flights over the USSR west border were conducted with target cites and testing areas. Operation GRAND SLAM, the last over flight The flight was the first transit over the Soviet Union, all previous flight flew halfway in then turned around and retraced its flight. The flight would have been sooner, but the weather did not permit it. So CIA asked for more time. President Eisenhower demanded that no flights to be made after May 1,

American National Government Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

American National Government - Assignment Example Since this case was heard secretly in a family court in which the judge issued a gag order, there are no official public records giving information about the court custody case or the proceedings therein. Hons Campbell was taken 17 hours after birth while Eva Lynn Brown was taken into foster care 2 days after birth. Since the court was mum on the custodial proceedings, Douglas B. Brill from The Express Times suggests possible reasons as to why all of Campbell children are under the custody of the state. Among the reasons put forward was that the DYFS felt the children were unsafe after threats were leveled against the family due to their infamous names, the names themselves may have led to a complaint that made the DYFS investigate abuse or neglect claims against the Campbell parents or quite possibly the names invoked feelings of hatred against the children which as a result put them in danger and need for state protection. Additionally, Mr. Campbells ex-wife Deborah Campbell had once written a note to a neighbor claiming that her life and that of their children is in danger and that prompted the state to act swiftly in protection of the children even before express danger was proven (as was in the case of Hons and Eva Lynn who were taken a short while after they were born. The Due Process Clause in the 14th Amendment to the American Constitution prohibits the state and local government officials from depriving persons of any liberty without legislative authorization. The Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment and Adoption Reform Act authorizes the DYFS to take into custody any child deemed to be in danger of neglect and/or abuse. The Equal protection clause in the same amendment provides the right to equal protection by the state. This simply means that regardless of the group one belongs to; be it a particular sexual orientation, religious background or gender, everyone is entitled to equal protection by the law. According to Mr. Campbell,

Political science final exam and 3 quizes Case Study - 1

Political science final exam and 3 quizes - Case Study Example His efforts were based on the concept of improving the overall outlook of public administration. The entire effort was based on double decades contributions which came to forth in true spirit only in 1940s. 2.According to the Woodrow Wilson case examined in your textbook on pages 26-27, what idea of a one-time obscure professor Woodrow Wilson would eventually become the dogma of academic public administration? Woodrow Wilson was associated with teaching profession for earlier part of his career, and till the early days of his 30s, he had not achieved anything substantial and for this matter he at one time said that even at age of 31, I have achieved nothing, however he had the insight and vision to become one of the best in the field of public administration and he devoted his efforts and energies towards this field and profession that would become corner stone of public administration principles all over the world. 3.Based on the Woodrow Wilson case on pages 26-27, what similarity exists between former President Woodrow Wilson and current President Barack Obama as it relates to both men’s early writings and their stature in the field of academia? Were their writings prominently received? Both the leaders, the present President Barack Obama and the then president Woodrow Wilson were associated with the academic profession, made their way through continuous struggle and hard work rose up to the rank of being the guiders of the nation in longer run. Both had a similarity amongst them in the context of aiming to bring about change, while Woodrow Wilson resolved to bring about change via public administration and governance model, President Barack Obama followed the same pursuit without clearly naming the domain of public administration. Their affiliation to the field of academia enabled them advocating a point towards improvement in the present setup of governmental activities. Both the leaders

Competition law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Competition law - Essay Example Due to the influx of complaints that reaches the office of the European Court of Justice, a new accord was passed to devolve the function to the national competition authority and the national courts of each jurisdiction. The new process was formulated to ensure that more focus is given to each complaints and also to ensure that proper monitoring of the conduct of the companies within each jurisdiction is well managed. As it is there are three ways wherein monopolies or cartels can be broken. Through notification where the companies themselves will submit to the regime of the national competition authority the agreements it will enter into with a company within the same industry. The Notification process will certify and state the reason to the National Competition Commission on why the agreement is not in violation of the anti cartel law. The other process wherein attention to the existence of the cartel will be put to the fore is through the initiation of a complaint against the ca rtel or the companies that make up the cartels. It is normally lodged by consumers acting to preserve and protect its interest against acts by company considered as against public policy. The National Commission itself acting on its behalf and in congruence with its power may investigate and launch its inquiry as to the existence of the cartel. The process enunciated above at first instance can be considered as laudable due to the focused implementation of the law by the National Competition Authority of each jurisdiction. To illustrate: The notification process only provides a prima facie evidence that would make the companies involved in the agreement or alliance. This will pave the way for undocumented gentlemen’s agreement to be hatched in golf courses or similar fora. While more powers are given to the National Competition Authority to assess, rule and provide guidance to companies willing to submit itself to the regime of the NCA, the European Court of Justice have effe ctively reduced its clout over the TFEU. Legal backGround In 1952, the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) was created not only to boost economic growth in Europe in the aftermath of the Second World War but more importantly, to foster lasting peace. This treaty marked the beginning of the free movement of coal and steel and it guaranteed access to sources of production as well as the establishment of fair competition rules and price transparency. Under this Treaty, three cases were identified as hindrance to free trade and fair competition—agreements, concentrations and the abuse of dominant positions thus it explicitly provided that any agreement and undertaking could be nullified or an association could be disbanded if they would likely promote unfair competition or directly or indirectly prevent, restrict or distort free enterprise or fair competition. The European Economic Community (then known as EEC but now referred to as the EC Treaty) pursuant to the Treaties of Rome established the single or common European market on 1 January 1958. Under this Treaty, the free movement of people, goods and services were similarly conferred to achieve the envisioned economic development under the single or com

Finches in the Galapagos Islands Essay Example for Free

Finches in the Galapagos Islands Essay English naturalist, Charles Darwin, believed the finches he collected and observed on the Galapagos Islands shared a common ancestor because he found they all greatly resembled a bird located on the Ecuadorian coast off South America. When Darwin initially began his journey on the Beagle, he was biased toward the widely accepted idea that every living thing on Earth was a divine creation, which remained unchanging and existing as it was originally created. However, when Darwin arrived on the Galapagos Island he began to see a flaw in this theory. Examining and collecting the islands animal population closely and carefully he began to see uncanny similarities between the animals upon the island and the animals on the South America mainland. For example, Darwin discovered that the fossils of extinct armadillos and the currently living armadillo population on the island had many of the same features, though the current population of armadillos had certain characteristic that helped it survive in the islands environment. Using this, the finches and other animal specimens, he was struck by the idea that this animals must have migrated long ago from South America to the island, giving rise to a new and thriving animal population. Darwin was also able to conclude the finches shared a common ancestor from the written works of Charles Lyell and Thomas Malthus. While sailing on the Beagle toward the island, he was able to read and analyze Charles Lyells Princeples of Geology which, discussed in great detail, the Jean Batispe Lamarck theory of evolution. He believed animal structures evolved over time due to frequent use or disuse, and was eventually passed through to their offspring. For example he proposed the lengthing of the giraffes neck was due in part to the trees it lived among. In order for it to obtain its food it had to crane its neck forward and reach up. Lamarck, believe, over time, the giraffes structure eventually began to get longer and longer as it was passed from each genernertaion of offspring.

Women and Love In Chaucer Essay -- Chaucer Poetry Poem Essays

Women and Love In Chaucer   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Chaucer's opinion of women and his views on love are very prominently featured in his poetry. Focusing on women, one must first examine the popular views concerning women during Chaucer's time. Arlyn Diamond writes of Chaucer that, ". . . he accepts uneasily the medieval view of women as either better or worse than men, but never quite the same." (Green 3) This is evident in Chaucer's portrayal of women in such poems as "The Wife of Bath" and "The Clerk's Tale" which assault the reader with antithetical views of women. The Wife of Bath is one of the most memorable characters Chaucer ever created. She is considered, in view of Diamond's statement, to be better than the men in her life. Patient Griselda in "The Clerk's Tale" is a peasant woman, married to a nobleman, who tests her loyalty through a series of ordeals in which she is lead to believe her children to be murdered. In this tale Chaucer is exposing his reader to a woman who is beneath her husband, and is treated horribly by him. Chaucer frequently treats the women he writes about as objects, some prize to be won by the heroic man. This is evident in "The Knight's Tale," in which the two protagonists, Palamon and Arcite, war over the hand of Emily, who they have never met, but only gazed upon from a distance. Their devotion to her branches not from love, but the want of men to contain and control the women surrounding them. Now on to the subject of love. Chaucer writes in "The Knight's Tale" of a love based on physical beauty, where the two protagonists fall in love at first sight. This is a common device used in medieval literature to create conflict between characters. "The Book of the Duchess" focuses on the real love between the Black Knight, and the White Woman. This allows Chaucer to explore the nature of love in context.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Chaucer's Wife of Bath is a domineering woman who demands the men in her life to be subservient. The reader gains from her prologue that she is concerned with sovereignty, which she views as the control or mastery in the relationship. She does not appear to truly love any of her husbands. The first three are older men whom she seems to marry for their money. They pass on quickly leaving her with wealth, standing, and the chance to find herself a more suitable man. Her fourth husband was a profligate, a man of loose morals, who keeps ... ...t sight. The pointless death of Arcite only emphasizes the hollow nature of this love. Love in "The Book of the Duchess" is treated differently. When Arcite dies there is no real pain felt for his loss. This is not the case with the death of the Black Knight's lady. Chaucer spends about eight hundred lines allowing the knight to lament his lost love. In his poetry Chaucer tries to be sympathetic to the plight of women. He endeavors to discuss love honestly, accepting the contradictory types of love and giving them all equal opportunity to prove themselves. The problem, however, lies in the subjects, for no matter how long or intently you look at them, they will always be as complex and incomprehensible as they always were. Works Cited   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Green, Richard Firth. "Chaucer's Victimized Women." Studies in the Age of Chaucer. Ed. Thomas J. Heffernan. Vol. 10. 1988. 3-21.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Wynne-Davis, Marion., ed. The Tales of the Clerk and the Wife of Bath. By Geoffrey Chaucer. Routledge: New York, 1992.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Edwards, Robert R. Stephen Spector. Ed. The Olde Daunce: Love, Friendship, Sex, and Marriage in the Medieval World. Albany: State University of New York Press. 1991 154-176.

Criminology DNA Forensic Science Essay

We begin life as a single cell zygote, about 0. 1mm in diameter. The numerous biological instructions that enable our developmental and functional processes to occur from zygote to adult are encoded in the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Forensic DNA analysis involves the intersection of several scientific disciplines, including molecular biology, genetics, and statistical analysis (Lynch, 2013). In order to understand the usefulness and the limitations of DNA in the analysis of physical evidence, it is important to be familiar with the basics principles underlying these diverse disciplines. Besides identical twins, each individual’s DNA is unique. After all it is the genetic material that contains all the information necessary for any organism to develop and function. However, only a one-half percent that is of interest to forensics scientists. This is the portion that varies greatly between individuals and it is what manifests itself in the individual traits such as eye color, hair color, and blood type. Most often the differences in DNA sequence do not show themselves in physical appearance; however, these sequences can only be examined using special laboratory techniques. Forensic scientists use these genetic differences from DNA to distinguish an individual between the individuals in a population. In 1944 Oswald Avery defined the role of the cellular component known as DNA as the vehicle of generational transference of heritable traits. In 1953, James Watson and Francis Crick elucidated the structure of the DNA molecule as a double helix. Form follows function; the very nature of the molecule provided an explanation for its unique properties (Berg, Tymoczko, Stryer, Gatto & Gatto, 2012). In 1980, David Botstein and coworkers were the first to exploit the small variations found between people at the genetic level as landmarks to construct a human gene map. In 1984, while searching for disease markers in DNA Alec Jeffreys discovered the science of personal identification. He termed this method DNA Fingerprinting, a method to detect loci sequentially (Alberts, Johnson & et al, 2008). This term is later replaced by DNA typing or DNA profiling, â€Å"Early in the use of DNA, profiles for the purpose of dentification were called DNA fingerprints, a term which is now rarely used† (Porter, 2005). The first forensic use of DNA occurred in England, â€Å"†¦ a DNA test was performed by Dr. Alex Jeffreys, who had developed DNA ‘fingerprinting† (Porter, 2005). One of the most significant facts of the case is that an innocent suspect was the first accused of the murder was freed based on the DNA evidence. Perhaps the most significant scientific advance bes ides the determination of the structure of DNA was in 1986 the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCR multiplies the sample and yields results which were once unobtainable, â€Å"Furthermore, the statistical chances of a random coincidence in DNA of two individuals with the same profile have now reached enormous figures in the billions (Porter, 2005). Observation of cells and embryos in the late 19th century had led to the recognition that the hereditary information is carried on chromosomes, â€Å"thread-like structures in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell that became visible by light microscopy as the cell begins to divide† (Alberts, Johnson & et al, 2008). As biochemical analysis became possible, chromosomes were found to consist of both DNA and protein. DNA is the name given to a group of molecules that occur in all cells of all living organisms and that carry that organism’s genetic information. That, is they carry the instructions for making the chemical compounds, proteins, by which cells stay alive, grow, develop, reproduce, and carry out all the functions that constitute life as we know it. DNA molecules are very large, complex molecules made of only a few simple sugar units combined with a phosphate group and one of four nitrogen bases, adenine A, cytosine C, guanine G, and thymine T (Alberts, Johnson & et al, 2008). The combination of one sugar molecule, one phosphate group and any on nitrogen base is called a nucleotide. A complete DNA molecule consists of very long chains of thousands of nucleotides joined together. The DNA molecule is comprised of two strands each wrapped around the other in the form of a double-helix. The bases on each strand are properly aligned in a manner known as complementary-base pairing. As a result, adenine pairs with thymine and guanine pairs with cytosine. Each gene is actually composed of DNA specifically designed to carry the task of controlling the genetic traits of our cells. The position a gene occupies on a chromosome in known as a locus. Approximately 30,000 human genes have been identified. DNA duplicates itself prior to cell division. DNA replication begins with the unwinding of the DNA strands of the double helix (Berg, Tymoczko, Stryer, Gatto & Gatto, 2012). The two separate strands, now separated, act like a template for the formation of daughter strands. Each strand is now exposed to a collection of free nucleotides that will be used to recreate the double helix using base pairing. The enzyme DNA polymerase catalyzes the sequential addition of nucleotides to the growing DNA strands. The advent of DNA technology has dramatically altered the approach of forensic scientists toward the individualization of bloodstains and other biological factors as evidence. The high sensitivity of DNA analysis and the subsequent search for DNA evidence has even altered the types of materials collected from crime scenes. Saferstein, 2013) Modern methods of obtaining DNA have made it possible to obtain convictions on blood left at the scene, on semen, or even spittle behind on a postage stamp. â€Å"It is surprising how often DNA is left behind, often when the criminal accidently cuts himself at the scene but also numerous other ways. DNA evidence makes detection of crime more probable† (Porter, 2005). During an investigation, forensic evidence is collected at a crime scene, analyzed in a laboratory and often presented in court. Each crime scene is unique, and each case presents its own challenges. Complex cases may require the collection, examination and analysis of a large amount of evidence. In terms of forensic DNA analysis, there is a variety of possible sources of DNA evidence. The more useful sources include blood, semen, vaginal fluid, nasal secretions and hair with roots. It is theoretically possible to obtain DNA from evidence such as urine, feces and dead skin cells, though this is often classed as a poor source due to the lack of intact cells and high levels of contaminants preventing successful analysis. Prior to analysis, the it will be necessary to extract DNA from the sample. This is generally achieved through the following simplified steps. The sample cells are lysed (broken down) in a buffer solution. Denatured proteins and fats are pelleted through centrifugation. The cleared lysate is then passed through a column, often containing a positively charged medium that binds to the DNA. Contaminating proteins, fats and salts are then removed through several washes. The DNA is recovered in a buffer solution (Rankin, 2005-2013). The use of DNA analysis in forensic science is based on a variety of techniques focusing on polymorphisms. â€Å"Different sequences are studied in different techniques, including single nucleotide polymorphisms, mini satellites (variable number tandem repeats), microsatellites (short tandem repeats) and mitochondrial DNA, each different with regards to length and repetition (Rankin, 2005-2013)†. The latest method of DNA typing, short tandem repeat (STR) analysis has emerged as the most successful and widely used DNA profiling procedure. Generally, â€Å"DNA extraction is the first step in forensic DNA analysis for use in human identification, and is essential to generating STR profiles from forensic biological samples (Lounsbury, Coult, Miranian, Cronk, Haverstick, Kinnon, Saul & Landers, 2012)†. STRs are locations on the chromosome that contain short tandem repeats that repeat themselves within the DNA molecule. They express a high degree of polymorphism, making them of particular use to the forensic scientist. As STR regions are non-coding, there is no selective pressure against the high mutation rate, resulting in high variation between different people (Saferstein, 2013). Though there have been thousands of short tandem repeats found in the human genome, only a small number are utilized in forensic DNA analysis. STR loci are ideal for use in forensic science for a number of reasons. They represent†¦ â€Å"discrete alleles that are distinguishable from one another, they show a great power of discrimination, only a small amount of sample is required due to the short length of STRs, PCR amplification is robust and multiple PCR can be used, and there are low levels of artifact formation during amplification (Rankin, 2005-2013)†. The method of enzyme based produced PCR-ready DNA after only 20 minute incubation and requires no centrifugation or sample transfer steps. Implementation of this method into the workflow for forensic cases could reduce sample and DNA preparation time. The enzyme based method allows easy integration for downstream processes, such as PCR (Lounsbury, Coult, Miranian, Cronk, Haverstick, Kinnon, Saul & Landers, 2012). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a technique for replicating small quantities of DNA or broken pieces of DNA found at a crime scene, outside a living cell. Polymerase chain reaction is the outgrowth of knowledge gained from an understanding of how DNA strands naturally replicate within a cell. For the forensic scientist, PCR offers a distinct advantage in that it can amplify minute quantities of DNA many millions of times (Saferstein, 2013). The PCR cycle consists of three primary steps: denaturation, annealing and extension. â€Å"Denaturation, the sample is heated to 94-95oC for about 30 seconds. This separates the double-stranded DNA by breaking hydrogen bonds, allowing primers access. Annealing, the samples is kept at 50-65oC, depending on the primer sequence, to allow hydrogen bonds to form between the primers and the complementary DNA sequence. Extension is also known as the elongation stage. The sample is heated to 72oC for duration depending on the length of the DNA strand to be amplified and the speed of the polymerase enzyme (Taq polymerase) which builds up the strand. Deoxynucleotide triphosphates are added to the 3’ end of the primer (Rankin, 2005-2013)†. Each PCR cycle can take only 5 minutes. This procedure can then be repeated as necessary until the original sequence has been amplified a sufficient amount of time, with the amount being doubled with each cycle. Following PCR, the products are separated using electrophoresis. Electrophoresis is essentially a method of separating molecules by their size through the application of an electric field, causing molecules to migrate at a rate and distance dependent on their size. The gel essentially acts as a type of molecular sieve, allowing smaller molecules to travel faster than larger fragments. Following electrophoresis, it may be necessary to visualize these bands using radioactive or fluorescent probes or dyes (Berg, Tymoczko, Stryer, Gatto & Gatto, 2012). Another type of DNA used for individual characterization is mitochondrial DNA. Mitochondrial DNA (mDNA) is located outside the cell’s nucleus and is inherited from the mother (Saferstein, 2013). Recent developments in forensic mRNA profiling systems have allowed the simultaneous inference of a variety of human cell types from small amounts of samples. In addition to body fluids such as blood, semen, saliva, menstrual secretion and vaginal mucosa, the presence of skin cells can also be determined. Since more cell types can be examined, RNA profiling complements the existing detection methods of body fluids which are mainly serology-based and presumptive in nature. In forensic genetic analyses, â€Å"†¦the highest priority often goes to establishing the possible contributor(s) of DNA to an evidentiary trace. As a consequence, RNA profiling is incorporated into a DNA/RNA coassessment strategy that generates both a DNA and an mRNA profile from the same stain (Lindenbergh, Maaskant & Sijen, 2012)†. Mitochondrial DNA is generally used when other methods such as STR analysis have failed. This is often in the case of badly degraded bodies, in cases of disaster or accidents where an individual is too badly damaged to identify. The most significant advantage of the use of mitochondrial DNA is the possibility of analyzing even highly degraded samples. If a specimen is severely decomposed to the point that it is not possible to successfully extract a DNA profile using nuclear DNA, it may be possible through mitochondrial DNA. However the use of mDNA does have its disadvantages. As mitochondrial DNA is only maternally inherited, this cannot form a full DNA fingerprint of the individual, thus this technique is only beneficial if the DNA profiles of maternal relatives are available, such as the individuals mother or biological siblings (National Institute of Justice, 2012). Possibly the most momentous device to arise from DNA typing is the ability to compare DNA types recovered from crime scene evidence to those of convicted sex offenders and other convicted criminals (Lynch, 2013). Numerous countries have produced computerized databases containing DNA profiles to aid in the comparison of DNA fingerprints and the identification of suspects and victims. The first Government DNA database was established in the United Kingdom in April 1995, known as the National DNA Database (NDNAD). As of 2011, there were over 5. million profiles of individuals in the system. Similarly, the FBI in the US formed their own DNA database, the Combined DNA Index System (CODIS), in 1994, though it was not implemented in all states until 1998(Saferstein, 2013). Staff members involved in the handling and analysis of evidence will often also submit their DNA profiles to the database in the case of accidental contamination. There is the possibility for DNA databases to be shared be tween countries; however some countries focus on different loci in DNA fingerprinting. Currently, U. S. crime laboratories have standardized on 13 STRs for entry into a national database (CODIS). Currently, DNA evidence is treated as exceptional, but it also is upheld as a model for other forms of forensic evidence to emulate. Many terms, such as investigation, inquiry, argument, evidence, and fact were established in law well before being associated with science. However, while legal proof remained qualified by standards of moral certainty, scientific proof attained a reputation for objectivity (Lynch, 2013). Although most forms of legal evidence, including expert evidence, continue to be treated as fallible opinions rather than objective facts, forensic DNA evidence increasingly is being granted an exceptional factual status. It did not always enjoy such status. Two decades ago, the scientific status of forensic DNA evidence was challenged in the scientific literature and in courts of law, but by the late 1990s it was being granted exceptional legal status. DNA profiling is often treated as an exceptional technique that has navigated the imaginary gulf between forensic and scientific culture, and has become so reliable that it can be used as a benchmark for evaluating all other forensic technologies. The STR system replaced the earlier systems, and automated scanning of samples replaced visual examination of profile results. The use of all these genetic tools allows forensic scientists to with more certainty find and convict criminals.